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Overview of hemoglobin variants that can affect A1C test results, and how to ensure your diabetes is well controlled if you have one of these variants.

Learn what the A1C test is, how it works and is used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, when it doesn’t work, and how A1C relates to eAG.

Overview of IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger’s disease, an autoimmune disease that can damage your kidneys.

What to expect before, during, and after the upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy procedure and how it finds and treats problems in the upper GI tract.

Learn why doctors perform colonoscopy, what it can show, how you prepare for it, what to expect during and after colonoscopy, and the risks of colonoscopy.

Read about bladder infections, as well as pain and urgency with urination, in children. Learn about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatments.

Overview of hematuria—a common condition in which there is blood in the urine—including risk factors, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

Learn about the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of bladder control problems and bedwetting in children. Treatments may include home care, alarms, and medicine.

Read about symptoms and management of lactose intolerance, a condition in which you have digestive symptoms after you consume foods or drinks that have lactose.